Terms and Questions of phase 2

Generalization: asscociating one thing with another
-the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
-can be adaptive
-(Pavlov’s Dogs) – (abuse vs. non-abuse)
-stimuli that are similar to naturally disgusting or appealing objects will *by associating* evoke some disgust/linking.

Discrimination: in classical conditioned, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditional stimulus
-survival value; slightly different stimuli are at times followed by vastly different consequences

Biological Predisposition
-Kimble: “Just about any activity of which the organism is capable can be conditioned and… these responses can be conditioned to any stimulus that the organism can perceive.”
*humans seem biologically prepared to learn some things rather than others; nature prepares members of each species to learn their survival traits: “adaptation”

Taste Aversion
“If you become violently ill after eating ----, you probably would have a hard time eating them again. Their smell and taste would have become a C.S. for nausea.” This learning occurs readily because our biology prepared us to learn taste aversion to toxic foods.
-relating a cause and effect in our brains. Negativity = aversion

Watson and Rayner… after Pavlov
Pavlov provided basis for Watson’s “idea that human emotions and behavior, are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses. Watson and Rayner once showed how specific fears might be conditioned.
-“Litte Albert” (11-month infant)
Pavlov – showed how many others responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in man, other organisms and also show how a process such as learning can be studies objectively

Respondent Behavior: behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Operant Behavior: behavior that “operates” on the environment producing consequences

Law of Effect: Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences became less likely

Skinner Box (operant chamber): a chamber containing a bar of a key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforce, with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioned research

Shaping:
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards closer and closer approximations of a desired goals

Successive Approximations:
You reward responses that are ever-closer to the final desired behavior and you ignore all other responses

Explain classical conditioning using a scenario that you have created.

As children, my brothers and I were punished by the belt. Most kids get beat by the belt. So we knew that if we were going to get in trouble, we would hear the belt jingling. So now older, when we still hear the jingle of a belt, we stay on guard. In our mind, we remember getting a beating with the sound of the belt.

Explain operant conditioning using a scenario that you have created.

Being a young teenager, I don’t like cleaning or fixing things up. But every time I hear my parents complain about cleaning the house, it makes me want to do it more. Although it’s annoying, each time they continue to nag me about what they need me to do, it reinforces in my mind that I have to clean. So when they not home, I have the tendency to clean and fix things up now.

Do you think either plays a role in how you respond to teachers and your academic role here in Wilson?

In Wilson, the students are rewarded when they do well. Whether it be special privileges, or recognition or whatever. So now, students in Wilson do well in their classes because they know that they’ll be rewarded for the good grades and hard work one day. The students would not be working that hard if they didn’t see any advantage of doing so.

Belief bias: the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical research; sometimes by making invalid conclusions seems valid or valid conclusions seem invalid.

Belief perseverance: clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has

Artificial intelligence: the science of designing and programming computer system to do intelligent rings and to stimulate human thought process such as intuitive reasoning learning and understanding language

Computer neural networks: computer circuits that mimic the brain’s interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning and recognize visual patterns and smells

Language: our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Phoneme: in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Morpheme: in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word


(Nedjine)